Will Summary Elizabeth Archer of Well End, Little Marlow

Elizabeth Archer of Well End, Little Marlow. Written and proved 1816.

Says she has sound mind, memory and understanding.

After debts and expenses paid: niece Ann Allen wife of Thomas Allen of ...e End, Little Marlow, victualer all household goods, furniture, plate, china, monies, bills, bonds, notes, monies in public funds and any other property she dies possessed of. She is to have sole right to dispose of that property.

Executors Ann Allen as above and Joseph Boddy.

Witnessed by Thomas Lane, John (Harris?) and Henry Goldsmith.

Notes: Henry Goldsmith was a Marlow attorney, so probably attending the will writing in that capacity.

Transcribed and then summarized by Charlotte Day from a P.C.C will held at the National Archives Kew.

Index of wills on this blog here.

More Little Marlow and Well End content indexed here.

See the Person Index A-Z for all mentions of a person on this blog- it covers thousands of people!

©Marlow ancestors. You are welcome to use my transcription summary with credit to this blog.

1820s Address Directory Great Marlow

 After exhaustive trawling of wills, property records, court cases, advertisements and more I have compiled a directory of addresses for Marlow residents in the 1820s. To find address references isn't easy. Nowhere near everyone will be included here of course but I will add any future finds as I wade through my mountains of research notebooks. House numbers were not used in this period. This is to supplement our recreated 1820s trade directory which is available Part One here  Part Two here

Many of these people have multiple mentions on this blog. See the A-Z Person Index to find every mention of anyone. Several thousand people are listed there!

This post does not cover Little Marlow or Lane End.

Beech Lodge

Wyndham family. 1823+. Biographical post about them here

Bovingdon Green

Joseph Pratt. Tenant of land. 1820.

Burford Farm, Marlow Bottom

Richard Webb. 1817-32. Also at Marlow Bottom Farm, see below.

Causeway

James Brooks. Baker. 1823+

William Lloyd. Roebuck. 1823+. A man of the same name was a butcher at the same time in an unknown location.

Robert White. Swan landlord. 1823.

Chapel Street

Thomas Archer. Running White Hart 1829 to post 1820s. Possibly 1827+. More here

James Bowles. Fruiterer.

John Collins. Tenant 1824.

John Coster. Watchmaker.

James Creswell /Cresswell. Baker 1823+

William Crouch. Corn merchant. 1822-25

Mary Fletcher. Running White Hart 1824 to at least 1829 More here

Henry Goldsmith. Attorney. 1823.

John Green wheelwright.

Joshua Meakes. Blacksmith. 1823.

Thomas Meakes. Blacksmith. 

John Mossenton. Cordwainer/ shoemaker. 1819-24. John was probably the "Jno" Mossenton who in 1814 witnessed this will.

Charles Plumridge. Bricklayer. 1823.

Church Passage

George Davis. Landlord Barge Pole.

William Sparkes. Landlord Black Boy 1823+

Court Garden

J.C Stroude. More here

Dean Street

...Blackall. Tenant 1826.

Ann Beaver. Tenant 1826.

Richard Clark. Landlord Jolly Masters. 

Ann Davis. Tenant 1826.

Martha Downer. Tenant 1826.

Zachariah East. Butcher. 1823-25.

Ambrose Frith. Tenant 1826.

John Glover. Lace merchant.

George Goldsmith. Plumber. 1823.

Mary Gray. Tenant 1826.

James Grove. Tenant of cottage there.

John Hackshaw. Harness maker. 

William Plumridge. Grocer 1823. (Probably also beer seller)

John Price. Tenant 1829.

William Sparks. Tenant 1826.

Gun Lane (now Trinity Road)

John Gunnell. Tenant 1826.

William Hoare. Landlord Three Horseshoes beerhouse 1827+

Handy Cross

James Ayres. (Ayris) Blacksmith 1827.

Harleyford House

John Beaver, servant there aged in his 90s.

Sir William Clayton. Owner.

High Street

Thomas William Allum. Bricklayer. 1823+

William Allum. Tailor 1821-23. 

Richard Aveling, grocer. Find out more about him here

Benjamin and Sarah Baines, he a confectioner 1822+. She died 1824. For more on him see here and here.

John Badger. Ironmonger. To at least 1825. In business the previous decade, unknown street address but likely the same.

Emily Blackbourne. Bookseller. 1823-24.

Thomas Burrell. Blacksmith. 1823. See here

Samuel Carter. Bootmaker.

William Cock. Bootmaker.

Theophilus and Sarah Clifford. Theophilus was a stonemason. 1823+. More here

George Davis. Landlord the Chequers.

John Goodman. Surgeon. 1823.

East and Harriman. Grocers. 1828 to post 1820s. A tragic pair. Both would go on to commit suicide in 1837. Said to have lived together 30 years on their deaths. More here

George and Mary Ellison. Alfred House, now known as Cromwell House. Pre 1820 to post 1820s. More here

Mr Flint. Tenant of a cottage. 1829.

Avis Gibbons. Lived with John and Charlotte Ralfs, see below. Had done so for years.

George Hammond. Tenant 1824.

Sarah Hatch. Baker. Before 1820 till 1840s. Her son William assisting later. The notorious William Hatch! More on him here

Francis Hewitt. Tenant of a cottage 1829.

Thomas Hewett. Tenant 1824. [A butcher of this name was in High Street 1832].

John Hone Esquire. Died 1823 aged 32. See also one in West Street below.

William Humphrey. Harness maker.

William Irving. Insurance Agent. 1824+

James MacLean, High Street. More on him and his wife here

William Mathews. Grocer and tea dealer. 1817 to post 1820s. Wife Ann. More  here

John Meadows. Draper. 1829 to 1839. More here

John Morris. Draper, and family. Pre 1820s to post 1820s. To see the site of his premises and more about the family see here

Thomas Jonathan Oxlade. Draper. Will 1822.

Charlotte and John Ralfs and children. John was a draper. 1824. He owned his property. This was West side of street. John died 1826. He was also an insurance agent.

John Rolls draper.

Misses Rolls. Running school in Brampton House. 1823. 

Rolls and Sons auctioneers. Pre 1820 to post 1820s. Also estate agents by 1829.

William Rose. Died at his residence High Street 1829. Aged 94. A William Rose was a cooper in the High Street earlier in the 1820s but this likely a younger man.

John Shaw. Surgeon.  1822. See his grave and will here

John Tonge. Bookseller. Selling up 1823.

Mr Wright. Attorney. 1822-29.

Frederick Wyatt. Coach proprietor. Tenant 1824. Began business 1820 but not sure if then in High Street. In business post 1820s. More here.

Market Square

Richard Furnell. Upper Crown. Died of a fit of apoplexy on premises 1820.

Daniel Humphries. Pawnbrokers 1821-26.

Richard Westbrook at Upper Crown. 1824. Mr Westbrook 1826 [a George Westbrook was there 1830-35].

William Westbrook. Butcher. To post 1820s.

Marlow Bottom Farm

Richard and Mary Webb. 1829+ More here

Marlow Common

Mr Butler. Died 1825. His widow died 1833.

Medmenham Mills

Mr Thatcher. Died 1827.

Moor Farm

Joseph Webb giving it up 1827.

Munday Dean Farm

Thomas Oxlade. To 1822. Also at Widmere Farm.

Elizabeth Oxlade and Thomas Wyatt. 1829. Elizabeth became by marriage Meadows and then Sawyer.

Oxford Road 

William Robert Clayton. The Cottage (a reasonable sized house!) 1826.

Ann and William Hales. William owned a messuage, warehouse stable, garden and yard by Oxford Road next to Marefield stile in his will written 1824, proved in 1826. He was 75 at death. Left the property to Ann. William looks to have been of Deptford Origin. Ann moved to 19 Lower Phillimore Place Kensington in 1827 and died there in 1831.

Prospect House (junction of Wycombe Road / Chapel Street)

Henry and Mrs Terry. Running a boys boarding school till went bankrupt 1826. More here

William and Rose Faulkner. William there 1826+ running it as a school. He married Rose, daughter of Ann and William Bond in 1828. More here

Quoiting Square

William Bowles. Six Bells landlord 1823-24. Probably moved to the Greyhound.

Thomas Cox. Wheelwright. To post 1820s. These premises later burnt down.

Joseph Langley. 1820+. Draper.

Seymour Court Farm

George Lunn. 1822 till death 1830, seemingly jointly with Mr Poulton.

Mary Lunn. Wife of George Lunn above. Died 1822.

Mr Poulton. Seemingly jointly with George Lunn 1822. Also there 1824.

Spinfield Lodge

Caroline and Henry Pearson

Spittal Street

William Bowles. Greyhound Inn 1825 to post 1820s. Mrs Bowles his wife died there 1825. Probably previously at the Six Bells.

Robert Mossenton. Greyhound Inn before William Bowles took over. 1819-25.

St Peter's Street

William Cresswell. Tenant of a cottage 1823. Probably sub let it as William was of the Compleat Angler.

James Downer. Tenant of a cottage 1823.

Richard Gibbons. 1823. His father Thomas owned this property and left it to him 1824.

Thomas Gibbons. Coal merchant.

Thomas Grovesnor. Tenant of cottage 1823.

George Hawkins. Of Two Brewers. Died of smallpox 1826.

Richard Heath. Tenant of a cottage 1823. Still in the Street 1833 and 1841. Labourer. Also Mary Heath his wife.

Mary Horniman. Tenant and chandlers shop keeper. West Street 1825+.

James Peters. Blacksmith.

Joan Sparks. Tenant of cottage 1823.

Temple House. Also called Templegate House.

Owen Williams. 1820-post 1820s.

Thames Bank

Sir James Morris. 1820.

Town End Farm

Mr William Bullock. Pre 1820s -1824.

"Under The Bridge"

Elizabeth and John Rolls the Elder.  John was a coal merchant. Also had property Bisham.

Sarah Russell. Servant to Elizabeth and John Rolls above 1820.

West Street

Misses Bond. Running a school.

Thomas Bowen, Red Lion 1824 to post 1820s. More here

Mrs Burrows. Albion House, leaves for London 1825. 

Mrs Carter. Albion House West Street. Circa 1821.

Joseph Fryth. Tenant 1826.

Abraham Clark - 1825, house  adjoins that of John Langley. 

George Clark. Tenant 1826.

Henry Clark. Tailor. 1823.

Samuel Clark. Tailor. To post 1820s.

William Clark. Landlord the Ship. 

Edward Collins. Tenant 1826.

Richard Cowper. 1824. Clearly well off. Leaving his home 1824. Wife of unknown name died earlier that year.

William Cox. 1828. Tenant but had sub let to another.

...Dalby / Dolby. Tenant 1826.

William Derrick, Tenant 1825. A small tenement "behind" his property is let to Sarah Sparks 1825. (In another source she is merely "adjacent". William possibly the shoemaker active in the 1810s. 

Misses Field. Running a school. Probably Matilda Field and her sister.

John Gibbons, grocer and tallow chandler 1820 to post 1820s. For more on him and his family see here

Elizabeth Guppy, tenant 1825. Her home lies between the residences of Mary Horniman and Moses Wyatt. 

Rachel and Robert Hall. He was a butcher. More here

Henry Harmon. Tenant 1826.

William Harper. Tinplate worker.1823 to post 1820s.

Charles Herbert. Resident 1825. House known.

Ann Hone (Miss). Owner and occupier 1827. Will 1831.

Mary Horniman. Chandler. 1825 to post 1820s. Tenant. Shop and residence. Adjoins the residence if Sarah Guppy. 

Mr Howard. Tenant 1826.

Edward Jackson. Watchmaker.

Lydia Lane. Ironmonger. More here

Mr J Langley. Late resident 1825. Believe he was evicted when he was foreclosed upon. Next to Abraham Clark. His house is described as recently built in 1825. It has a stable as well as a yard, garden and wash house. 

Henry Lovegrove. Lace Merchant. 1823.

John Lovegrove. Died at his home there 1827. 

Joseph Mead. 1823+. A painter and glazier.

Mrs Mossenton. Tenant. 1827.

Mr Owen. Tenant 1826.

John Pierce. Landlord Coach and Horses. 1823.

John Plumridge. Tenant 1828 but had sublet to another.

John Prytherick / Prytherock, tenant 1825. Adjoins the home of Moses Wyatt. 

John Sadler. Butcher.

Wethered family. Remnantz.

Moses Wyatt. Resident 1825. Tenant. House adjoins Elizabeth Guppy's. 

Widmere Farm

Thomas Oxlade to 1822. Also had Munday Dean Farm.

John Webb. Lately in 1829.

Wood End (near Medmenham)

William Townsend. Pre 1820s to at least 1820. (Townsends were at Wood End for a long time)

Researched and written by Charlotte Day.

 

Link to index which includes posts about specific trades and general Great Marlow social history  here

©Marlow Ancestors. You are very welcome to use this research for family or local history purposes with credit to this blog and a link here.

Transported! William Willis And Wife Emma

 Emma Archer and William Willis married at Lane End near Marlow in 1838. She was born in Marlow in 1821 one of several children born to unmarried mother Ann Archer. Her father was given at marriage as John Sharp, tailor. John witnessed the marriage as did Emma's older married sister Sarah Butler.

William was born in Marlow in 1817 to Henry and Sophia. At the time of his marriage he was a labourer.

As a teenager he had twice been convicted of theft. Firstly he was sentenced to 6 weeks hard labour for stealing brushes from a High Street shop. Then he was convicted of stealing a pewter pot from Mary Sparkes in Marlow. He deceived a sentence this time of 12 months in the house of correction, two of which were to be in solitary confinement.

His marriage might have meant a fresh start for him but William faltered. In 1841 the local tithing man and a constable knocked at Emma's door when her husband was out and asked to search her home. She made no objection, perhaps because she didn't think that there was anything to worry about. 

She was wrong. In a hole under the stairs the searchers found a hoe and confiscated it. 

The hoe was the stolen property of baker John Cresswell. He had given it to blacksmith Mr Shanks, the hoe's maker, to be blacked up ready for spring work. Mr Shanks had done the blacking and left it outside to dry but it disappeared.

William claimed in court he had just picked it up because he found it lying around in someone's yard.

The court did not believe him and his previous convictions told against him. He was sentenced to 14 years transportation.

Later that year at the time of the 1841 census Emma lived in Dean Street with her sister Sarah Butler and Sarah's much older husband Richard who was a Chelsea Pensioner retired from a regiment of foot.

Emma had no occupation listed then but on the 1851 census she was listed as a dressmaker. She was still living with Richard and Sarah, this time in Marefield Marlow. Emma had moved to Chapel Street by 1861 and was living with a different married sister Elizabeth Owen and Elizabeth's husband Thomas. She was still a dressmaker. That was the last time I found her on a census.

William Willis never reappeared. This doesn't mean he didn't want to reunite with Emma. Getting back from Australia after you had served your sentence was near impossible to afford or manage.

The couple had no children before William was taken away.

To read more about Emma's sister Sarah see here

Emma's Archer grandparents Thomas and Hannah ran the White Hart in Chapel Street. More here

To see more posts about people of Dean Street, Marefield or Chapel Street see our street index here.

Sources:

Great Marlow Parish Registers

Lane End Parish Register transcription, via Find My Past Buckinghamshire Marriage Index.

Newspaper copies held at the British Library and accessed via the BNA October 12th 2020: Bucks Herald 21st March 1835, Bucks Gazette 10th April 1841.

Census my transcription from microfilm.

Chelsea Pensioner Records, National Archives Kew.

More Widows Of The Almshouses

Isabella Mitchell

Isabella after a 10 year wait and at her 12th attempt of trying was successfully elected into an almshouse in 1901. She was at that time living at Cape Town, a virtual shanty town on the edge of Marlow. For more about that place see my post here. As a widow she had survived by working as a servant or charwoman at different times.

Earlier in her life she lived with her husband George in the gardener's lodge at Spinfield House (also called Spinfield Lodge) where George was gardener. 

Isabella married her husband in 1848 at the age of 19. She was born to unmarried mother Ann Holloway. When Isabella was 5 her mother married James Jones, a brewer. On the 1841 Great Marlow census Isabella lived with her stepfather, presumably widowed, and half siblings in a cottage in the Church Yard. That may sound a strange address but there were several homes on the edge of All Saints churchyard and so described in those days. Isabella worked as a satin stitch worker then.

Her husband George is censused as being born in Lambeth. He won numerous prizes in local shows in the Marlow area for flowers and fruit he had grown. He began working at Spinfield circa 1849.

Sarah Butler

Sarah was resident at the Almshouses at the time of her death in 1901 at the age of 83.

She was born to unmarried mother Ann Archer in 1817. When her daughter was 13 Ann married George White and had another child, Elizabeth. George died not long afterwards and Ann married again. It is with that second stepfather Richard Juggins that Sarah lived in 1841 along with her mother, half sister and husband Richard Butler whom she had married at the age of 17. At the time of his marriage Richard Butler himself was around 44. 

Richard and Sarah continued to live in the Dean Street area for many years (Alma Passage and Marefield). Unsurprisingly given the age gap between her and her husband, Sarah had a long widowhood. She worked then as a servant before being elected into the Almshouses in 1889.

To read more about Sarah's sister Emma and her husband who was transported see here. Sarah's grandparents Archer ran the White Hart in Chapel Street. More on them here

Ann Plucknett

Died in her almshouse in January 1892 aged 81 by which time she had been a widow for a few months short of 40 years. Her husband James (born 1810 Marlow to James and Mary) had been a baker and flour dealer of West Street (there by 1839) and after his death Ann continued to run the very small shop for a while. She thereafter lived with her nephew William Cox, Marlow's chief well sinker, before she went to the almshouse.

Post researched and written by Charlotte Day.

This is the second post about the widows of the Almshouses. The first here contains an introduction to the institution. Also see my post here on resident Rebecca Blake who was in her younger days a professional photographer. A post about another resident Sarah Evans is here.

For an index of Oxford Road related posts or of any other Street see here

To find every mention of a person of interest use the Person Index option on the drop down menu.

©Marlow Ancestors. You are very welcome to use this material for family or local history purposes with credit to this blog and a link here.

Sources: 

My census transcriptions.

Newspaper copies in British Library archives, via the BNA:

South Bucks Standard 8th March and 20th December 1901.

Death Cert.

1841 Piggots Royal National and Commercial Directory.

1839 Robson's Directory.

1847 Kelly's Post Office Directory of Bucks 

Death Registration Index, GRO.

Landlords And History of The White Hart, Chapel Street

*Note: it is now clear that there were TWO early pubs called the White Hart, operating at the same time. Marlow people weren't very good at distinctive pub naming. There were two Three Horseshoes at the same time and both a Travelers's Rest and a Traveller's Friend, an Upper Crown and a Lower Crown existing along side one another.

White Hart number one, Dean Street side of the road.

1732- Robert Menday. Note: this White Hart building was standing by the 1670s but it is not until this date that I can say that it was certainly used as a "pub" and also certainly called the White Hart.

1732- Robert Menday.

1745- Mr Menday. Has its own brewhouse as many licenced premises still brewed on the premises. 

1761 - John Dormer "North side of Chapel End"

1823 - Mary Fletcher. She was the elderly widow of Charles Fletcher who may well have run the pub before her. A Charles Fletcher was listed as a Marlow publican in 1798. Mary's husband died in 1818. Mary was nee Huntingdon.

1824- Mary Fletcher

1831 Pigots Directory -  Mary Fletcher

1833 Mary Fletcher. She died in 1837.

1839 - T.O Fletcher. This was Thomas Oxlade Fletcher son of Mary above.

1840, March - pub suffered a break in with beer, mutton, and bread stolen. 

1844 - William Plumridge (also a bricklayer) May have taken over in 1839- he was certainly in Chapel Street from at least that year. William was responsible for building of the Wheatsheaf pub and adjoining cottages in what was then known as Strong Beer Acre. His son, also William, builds and runs The Duke of Cambridge, while daughter Amelia briefly ran the Star Of The Town pub with her husband Henry Judge and daughter Caroline became landlady of the Red Lion in West Street. Another daughter Charlotte with her husband ran the Wheatsheaf. More on Charlotte here.

1846 - William Plumridge fined 40s plus costs for allowing a "very extensive system of card playing" to be continually going on at his premises. The landlords of Cross Keys, Travellers Rest and The Nags Head were also caught in same sweep. 

1852 - William Plumridge

1854 - William Plumridge

1859 - 1. Mary and Henry Plumridge. 2. Edward James Flint

1861 -  Edward J Flint (born London, wife Ellen) Also embroider. 

1863 -  Edward James Flint. In this year the family suffered a horrific tragedy when their little girl Catherine, aged 2 and a half, drank boiling water from the spout of a kettle and died of her injuries. Little Catherine drank the water after hours in the kitchen at the dame school, which despite her age, she attended part time with her big brother. He saw her drink it but did not say so until several days later. The school teacher Harriet Fleming had allowed them to stay behind on the premises after school while she did her housework. This was as a favour to their busy mother. This was a common helping hand leny to families by dame school proprietors as was taking on very young children in the first place. She saw the child vomit and thought it had swallowed something it shouldn't, perhaps washing soda which was near by but did not guess it could be the case that she had drank boiling water. There was a blister on her lip. She quickly sent Catherine home with a message to her parents telling them what had happened and to keep her informed. Vomiting was considered key to recovery from eating toxic substances and would have been induced if it had not naturally occurred so in her eyes it would have seemed a worrying incident but one where the child would not likely be in fatal danger. Though blisters later developed on Catherine's chin too, Ellen Flint thought that her child had perhaps injured her throat in swallowing something like a button. Catherine herself said that she had drank some "dirty water". Ellen took her to both a chemist and a doctor, the latter of whom gave the patient some soothing powders and a recommendation she be bled with leeches. Sadly Catherine was in fact severely injured internally and she died. An inquest in to her death happened at the White Hart and have a verdict of accidental death. Other local cases of children drinking from the spouts of tea kettles and dying are known from this era.

1869 -  Edward J Flint   

1872 -74  Edward James Flint

1874-80 Ellen Flint, widow of Edward James Flint above.  

         

1880 - Licence transferred to Thomas Parsons from Ellen Flint.

1881 Transfer Thomas Parsons to Thomas Purdar.

1882 - John Chappell (see separate post here for more on him and his family)

 

1892 - Mr Chapel (Chappell)

1896 - Take a deep breath - John Chappell transfers premises in March to William Thomas Pearce (temporary) who transfers it to George Newman in November.  Newman is refused a permanent licence so premises go to Arthur Wallace who obviously didn't last long either.

1897 - Thomas Lay

1899 - Thomas Lay then W. Dominic Westcott, then Thomas Webb.

1903 - Thomas Webb

1907 - Thomas Webb. Transfers to James Pullen / Pullin (Incorrectly recorded as Thomas Pullin in one local paper.)

1908- James Pullen

1909- Closed under licencing reforms. Described as an "ale house" on its closure. Last tenant - James Pullen.

Later became the site of Flints fried fish shop which moved from West Street.

Second White Hart, Chapel Street - you could also call it in Spittal Square. This pub almost certainly became the Cross Keys circa 1839.

1823 -  Thomas Archer

1827- Mrs Archer "of the White Hart" died. This was Hannah Archer, wife of Thomas. She was aged 66 at burial. For more on this couple's granddaughter Emma, whose husband was transported see here and for their granddaughter Sarah see here.

1829 - Thomas Archer. Also posting house. In this year Thomas is fined 40s for keeping a disorderly house as he had allowed "loose women" and other troublemakers to remain on the premises while behaving in a disreputable way. 

1830 - Thomas Archer 

1831 - Pigots Directory - Thomas Archer 

1833 - Thomas Archer. He died in 1838 aged 76. 

See the Cross Keys landlords listing / history for probable continued history of these premises.

Researched by Charlotte Day with some research also by Kathryn Day.

SELECTED SOURCES

1853 Mussons and Cravens Commercial Directory. (Compiled 1852)

Marlow Directory and Almanacke 1907 , the Marlow Printing company.

Kelly's Post Office Directory 1859, 1863, 1864, 1877, 1899, 1903,1907

Robson's Directory 1839

Numerous cross referenced wills, property deeds, and the like. 

Pigots Directory 1823, 1830,1831,1844

Census 1871,1881,1891

Contemporary newspaper reports, licencing hearings, court case reports and advertisements accessed via the BNA:

Windsor and Eton Express, December 12th 1828, & Jan 9th 1909, held at British Library Archive and accessed via the BNA.

South Bucks Standard 22 May, 6 November, 18 December 1896, 19 May 1899, as above. 

Berkshire Chronicle, 24 February 1846, as above. 

Bucks Gazette 12 December 1829, as above

Bucks Herald 23 July 1859, 11 July 1874, as above

And from the Bucks Free Press Archives:

Bucks Free Press 17th April 1863.

1833 Parish Assessment, Charlotte's transcription from original surveyor's rough draft. 

©Marlow Ancestors. Use this research or the photo above for family history purposes if you like with credit to this blog.